高 又 明

高又明，名明德，字又明，晚年号师佛子，以字行。1886年3月13日生于陕西泾阳县王桥镇高家堡子村。其父高一龙，以农为业，兼行医道，颇具侠义之风，因打抱不平得罪某豪绅而出走。高12岁时，因无力延师读书，遂在泾阳巨富柏森家给其子柏惠民做书童伴读，后肄业于三原宏道学堂。

高又明少年时即具有强烈的反清思想，喜结交进步人士。1903年因商务赴四川，与陕西同乡井勿幕有交往，并结识进步青年熊克武，但懋辛等。1905年冬，同盟会陕西支部长井勿幕奉孙中山命回陕创建同盟会组织，即介绍高又明加入同盟会。1906年春，在三原北极宫召开的陕西同盟会第一次全体会议上，井勿幕提出联合会党、刀客组成联盟，共同反清。但当时部分同盟会员出于偏见，不屑与会党为伍，使井的正确意见未被形成决议。高又明则积极支持井勿幕的主张并身体力行，介绍井与会党首领吴虚白结识。井勿幕、郭希仁、高又明与吴虚白会谈讨论，使井坚定了自己的信念，决然与会党联络。1907年10月，井勿幕、高又明等同盟会骨干人物与吴虚白诸人在黄帝陵秘密开会，明确提出了"扫除专制政权，建立共和国体。"等政治主张，标志着陕西同盟会领导人与会党联合反清已经有了基础。在1908年秋召开的同盟会陕西分会成立的大会上，同盟会终于通过了联合会党、刀客共同反清的决议，使陕西的反清斗争取得了重大进展。高又明又介绍柏筱余、吴希真诸人加入同盟会组织。并以在泾阳县西之柏筱余家花园，为同盟会人秘密聚会场所，许多重大决策活动均在此秘密进行，高又明积极主持柏氏花园的革命工作。

1910年春，井勿幕奉孙中山命令由沪归陕，寓泾阳柏氏花园20余日，集合同志订章程、拟计划、讨论反清斗争方略（此即陕西辛亥革命史上具有重大意义的"柏氏花园会议"）。会上推井勿幕、柏筱余，邹子良、宋向辰四人总揽同盟会会务，高又明承担印刷、武器制造、药物购制等任务。在会议的筹备、召开过程中，高又明做了大量的工作。他说?quot;要革命、惟不怕死、正义，毅力，而不趋富与贵耳"。不久上海同盟会组织派技师温自强来陕传授炸弹制造技术，高在淳化通润沟设厂制造炸弹、武器，为筹备起义创造条件。其后熊克武化名刘一峰来陕视察并策励工作，由于西北军火无源，输入困难，实为革命首要问题，高又明随熊克武到上海，学习制造无烟炸药技术。适逢吴玉章、但懋辛、井勿幕与熊克武相约分头筹划广州起义，高即返陕活动。1911年2月，高又明与柏筱余等人经汉口再赴上海，继续潜心钻研炸弹制造技术，并与于右任、宋教仁、陈其美、谭人凤等长江中部同盟会重要人物多有交往。

1911年10月22日西安起义爆发，军政府成立，高又明任军政府军械官，负责制造地雷，炸弹，率炸弹队奔走于东西战场，对保卫新生的革命政权做出了贡献，被誉为陕军中制军械的首倡者。为嘉勉其功，孙中山曾亲书"博爱"二字相赠。

靖国军兴，高任靖国军总部军械处长及胡景翼所部第四路军军械处处长，历尽艰辛，筹划靖国军的军火，药品等供应。

1924年，胡景翼密结孙岳和冯玉祥发动了举世闻名、震惊中外的"北京革命"，并与冯玉祥、孙岳等组成国民军，电请孙中山北上，主持国事。时高任国民二军军械处长、兵工局局长职，是胡景翼的得力助手。

1925年3月12日，孙中山病逝，不久胡景翼亦抱病身亡。高又明眼见国事而非，遂离河南，辗转回陕，定居西安。杨虎城将军主陕时，聘高为参议。

"九一八"事变前后，高又明激于爱国热情，先后与友人窦荫三、南汉宸、杜斌丞、寇遐、邵力子、韩望尘等集资创办西安集成三酸厂、西安阿房宫电影院、西京国货公司等，希图发展民族工、商、文化事业。集成三酸厂于1933年大量生产，不仅解决了十七路军修造军械所需要的三酸（硫酸、硝酸、盐酸），还以七折的优惠价格，供应陕甘宁边区政府，并根据杨虎城将军授意，以钟楼门市部作铺保，营救过中共地下党员。

抗日战争前后，高又明同情支持中国共产党领导的抗日民族统一战线，积极拥护张、杨兵谏，赞同停止内战，团结抗日，和平解决西安事变的主张。高还通过八路军办事处向边区提供过医药等物资。对在西安从事抗日救亡运动的共产党员樊中黎等，利用自己的社会关系给予了不少帮助和支持，亲自带樊拜访景梅九、张继等知名人士，宣传党的抗日统一战线政策。在生活上照顾并捐资支持创办进步刊物《沙河》杂志。

1947年冬，中国同盟会纪念会成立，来函云"又明老同志硕望所孚，功于党国。"并颁发陕盟字第002号证书。

1948年春中国国民党革命委员会主席李济深与高又明书信联系，约同在陕之原同盟会员反内战、争民主，在西安迎来了解放。但因积年劳累，抱病卧床，1951年5月22日病逝，终年65岁。 (张应超)

录自：《陕西近现代名人录》（第一集）（第260页） 陕西省中共党史人物研究会编 西北大学出版社 1988年出版

原书链接：《陕西近现代名人录》（第一集）（第260页）

Gao Youming

Gao Youming was born on the 13th march, 1886 in the village of Gaojiabaozi, near the town of WangQiao in Jingyang County, Shaanxi. His father, Gao Yilong, was a farmer and a doctor. He had a fiercely non-conformist spirit and left his hometown after offending a tyrannic nobleman by defending somebody for an injustice.

The family was so poor that they could not afford a teacher for Gao Youming. So, at the age of 12 he became a boy school attendant to Bo Huimin, the son of Bo Sen, a rich man from Jingyang County. He later studied at Hongdao School in Sanyuan County.

Gao had very strong anti-Qing dynasty beliefs, which came to light through meeting radical friends when he was young. He came in contact with Jing Wumu from his hometown and through him got to know other radical youths, such as Xiong Kewu, Dan Maoxin, etc, while on a business trip to Sichuan in 1903.

In the winter of 1905, the secretary of the Shaanxi bransch of the Chinese Revolutionary League (Tung Meng Hui), Jing Wumu, returned to Shaanxi at the order of Sun Yat-sen, to establish the Shaanxi Revolutionary League. Jing Wumu introduced Gao Youming to the league and invited him to join.

In the spring of 1906 the first full-members session of the Shaanxi Revolutionary League was held at Beiji Palace in Sanyuan County. Jing Wumu proposed an alliance with the Huidang Party and the Knight-Errants to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Some Revolutionary League members were prejudiced against the Huidang party and thought it scornful to associate with them. Jing's motion was not passed. Gao Youming strongly supported Jing's proposal and diligently tried to put Jing's beliefs into practice. He introduced Jing to the leader of the Huidang Party, Wu Xubo, so that they could get to know each other. After negotiations between Jing Wumu, Gou Xiren, Gao Youming and Wu Xubo, an alliance was eventually formed with the Huidang Party.

In October 1907 the cadre men of the Revolutionary League, Jing Wumu, Gao Youming together with Wu Xubo held a secret meeting at the Yellow Emperor's mausoleum. They put together a concrete proposal to "wipe out the autocratic regime and establish a republic." This formed the basis of the alliance's anti-Qing Dynasty policy.
In autumn 1908 at the meeting to set-up the Shaanxi bransch of the Revolutionary League, they finally passed the proposal to bring the Knight-Errants into the alliance against the Qing court. This was a major step in the anti-Qing struggle in Shaanxi.

Meanwhile, Gao Youming persuaded Bo Xiaoyu, Wu Xizhen, etc, to join the Revolutionary League. He arranged for the meeting to take place in secret in the garden of Bo Xiaoyu's home in west Jingyang County. A lot of important activities took place there and Gao Youming presided over the revolutionary work in the garden of Bo's home.

In spring 1910 Jing Wumu returned to Shaanxi from Shanghai at the order of Sun Yat-sen. He lived in Bo's garden for more than 20 days, during which time he drafted the constitution and the program and discussed the overall plan for the anti'Qing struggle. During the revolution of 1911 in Shaanxi this became known as the pivotal "meeting in the garden of Bo's family ". In the meeting they recommended that Jing Wumu, Zou Ziliang and Song Xiangchen should be generally responsible for meeting affairs, Gao Youming for printing, weapon manufacture and production and buying of medicines, etc. He did a lot of work towards the process of arranging and holding meetings. He said: "we can achieve success provided that we are fearless of death, we are just, patient and not tempted by wealth and honor."

Soon after, the Shaanxi Revolutionary League sent the engineer, Wen Ziqiang, to Shaanxi for teaching the technology of bomb-making. Gao made bombs and other weapons in the Tongrun equipment factory in Chunhua County in preparation for the uprising. After that, Xiong Kewu changed his name to Liu Yifeng and came to Shaanxi to inspect and encourage the work. The most difficult thing was that there was no source of munitions in Northwest China, and it was very difficult to get them from outside. So Gao went with Xiong Kewu to Shanghai to study the technology of smokeless dynamite.

This was at the same time that Wu Yuzhang, Dan Maoxin, Jing Wumu and Xiong Kewu were getting together to arrange the Guangzhou uprising. Gao immediately returned to Shaanxi to commence the activities.

In February 1911, Gao Youming, together with Bo Xiaoyu and others went to Shanghai via Hankou to continue their research into bomb manufacture. They had a close connection with Yu Youren, Song Jiaoren, Chen Qimei, Tan Renfeng and other important figures of the Revolutionary League in the middle Yangtze River valley.

On 22nd October 1911 the Xi'an uprising broke out and the military government was established. Gao Youming was given the title of ordnance officer, responsible for making landmines and bombs. He led the bomb teams that went to all the battle fields in both the East and West of the country and contributed to protecting the newly born revolutionary regime. He was honored as the initiator among ordnance manufacturers in Shaanxi. In order to praise and encourage his achievements Sun Yat-sen wrote "Bo Ai" (means Philanthropism) to him as a present.

When the Maintain the Nation order stable Army (Jingguo Army) arose and developed, Gao was appointed as section chief of the ordnance department at the headquarters of the Maintain the Nation order stable Army and section chief of the ordnance department of Hu Jingyi's No.4 Road Army. He suffered a lot in order to plan for providing munitions and medical supplies to the Army.

In 1924 Hu Jingyi formed a secret alliance with Sun Yue and Feng Yuxiang to start the world famous "Beijing Revolution" and to build up the National Army. They invited Sun Yat-sen by cable to North China to preside over national affairs. Then Gao was the section chief of the ordnance department of No.2 National Army and director of the munitions bureau. He was really Hu's right hand man.

On 12th March 1925 Sun Yat-sen died of illness. Hu Jingyi died later of disease. Gao Youming found the country was becoming split, so he left Henan for Shaanxi and finally settled down in Xi'an.When General Yang Hucheng stayed in Shaanxi Gao was invited to be the general's senator.

Before and after the affairs of 9.18 Gao Youming raised funds, out of patriotic enthusiasm, with his friends Du Yinsan, Nan Hanchen, Du Bincheng, Kou Xia, Shao Lizi and Han Wangchen to establish the "Xi'an Integrated Three Acid factory", "Xi'an Afang Palace Cinema" and the "Xijing General merchandise Company" in the hope of developing national industry, commerce and culture.

The Integrated Three Acid Factory became a mass producer in 1933, not only satisfying the needs for three acids (sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric) of the ordnance department of No.17 Road Army, but also offering it to Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia border area governments at a special discount of 30%. Also, following General Yang Hucheng's inspiration, Gao took the Bell Tower stall as cover to rescue "underground" Chinese Communists.

Before and after the anti-Japanese war Gao sympathized with the national united frontline of the anti-Japanese war led by the CCP. He supported them, actively advocating General Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's proposal of remonstration, agreeing to stopping the civil war and becoming unified in the fight against the Japanese invaders, and peacefully settling the Xi'an incident. He took advantage of his social connections and offered the communist Fan Zhongli, who was involved in the anti-Japanese activities and in the campaign to save the dying country, much help and support. He brought Fan to visit Jing Meijiu, Zhangji and other renowned persons and propagated the Communists' policy a united anti-Japanese front. He took care of and gave financial support to the progressive magazine called "Shahe".

In the winter of 1947 the anniversary party of the Chinese Revolutionary League was established. In a letter it said: "Old comrade Youming is enormously popular and has made contributions to the party and to the nation". He was awarded the No.2 certificate of the Shaanxi Revolutionary League. Li Jishen, the chairman of the revolutionary committee of the Chinese national party corresponded with Gao Youming by letter during the spring of 1948 and made an appointment with the old members of the Revolutionary League in Shaanxi to be anti civil war and to strive for democracy. Welcome the liberation of Xi'an. But the gentleman became seriously ill and was bedridden for a long time due to overwork. On 22nd May 1951, at the age of 66, he died of illness. （Zhang yingchao）

"Who's Who in modern Shaanxi"（the first volume）
Compiled by the Seminar of CCP's history of Shaanxi
Published by Northwest University in 1988

《陕西近现代名人录》《高又明》英译文 高 森翻译

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